Problem 01
A payment that must never happen twice
The payment provider stops answering in the middle of a charge. Did the customer pay or not? Retry blindly and you may charge them twice; give up and you may lose the payment. I build the system so every payment attempt carries a unique key: if the same request comes in again, it gets the first result back instead of creating a second charge. Balances are calculated from the full history of transactions, so a retry can never double them.